利用重复地震P波走时差观测地壳介质的微动态     

张致伟  程万正  吴朋  周龙泉 《中国地震》2010,26(4)

基于研究区域地震震相到时资料及地震波数据,给出了两个局部地区地壳介质微动态变化的实例。一个是汶川8.0级地震起始破裂区域,即A区;另一个是三岔口地区,即B区,该区域为活动断裂交汇部位,未发生过大地震,但近年来中小地震频繁。分析A区后发现,在汶川8.0级地震前,部分台站观测的地壳介质微动态出现了中短期异常,震源区正东及北东方向波速升高,反映出地壳介质受到显著挤压而处于硬化阶段;震源区西南方向的波速则比较稳定。分析B区后发现,可能受到汶川8.0级地震的影响,部分台站给出的计算结果在地震前后发生了变化,显示出不同方位地壳介质承压状态的差异。  相似文献   

2008年7月5日长泰M_L4.7地震前流动地磁观测结果的分析     

许仪西  方韡  陈新泽  张永固  周昌贤  吴维日 《地震地磁观测与研究》2010,31(1):39-42

摘要利用2002年7月～2008年11月的流动地磁观测资料进行分析研究,结果表明:2007年4月福建南部的流磁观测结果出现异常,可能是福建长泰M_L4.7地震前的震磁效应;震前靠近北西向断裂,并沿该断裂走向分布的流磁测点同步出现异常,可能与断裂构造应力作用有关。  相似文献   

云南M≥7．6级地震伤亡因素的探讨     

朱月芬  赵恒  李兆龙  杨杰英 《高原地震》2010,22(2):52-57

通过云南M≥7．6级地震震亡分布的统计,研究大地震的伤亡分布规律,寻找影响伤亡的主要原因。结果表明,震亡人数主要分布在Ⅷ度以上烈度区,这一区域的震亡人数占震亡总数的94％以上,其中极震区占到70％以上。调查分析认为：在震级相近的情况下,震区地质构造、地形地貌是影响地震烈度的因素;房屋、人口密度、发震时间是震亡人数的重要影响因素;在未来的大地震中,人口密度大的断裂带及其附近是应急救援和医疗救护的重点区域,在断裂带及其附近盆地内的震亡人数比非盆地震亡人数多,要投入更多的救援和医疗救护力量。  相似文献   

汶川M_S8.0地震前地磁短临异常与强震预测探索   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王武星  丁鉴海  余素荣  张永仙 《地震学报》2009,31(2)

强震前地磁垂直分量日变化异常主要表现在幅度与相位上的变化.利用中国地磁台网多年观测资料,研究了2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级地震前,地磁垂直分量日变极小值出现的时间(低点时间)在空间分布上的异常特征,即低点位移现象;并用此方法预测了汶川8.0级地震6级余震平静2个月后的一组6级强余震.这种少见的异常现象与强震发生有较好的相关性.发震日期为异常出现后的第27天或第41天的前后4天,强震发生地区在低点位移突变分界线附近.此外,还研究了汶川8.0级地震临震前,震中周围出现的地磁日变幅异常现象.  相似文献   

2003年大姚6.2级、6.1级地震序列震源位置及震源区速度结构的联合反演   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

周龙泉  刘杰  马宏生  周俊杰 《地震》2009,29(2)

采用震源位置和速度结构的联合反演方法确定2003年大姚6.2级、6.1级地震序列的分布和震源区的速度结构.该方法首先确定研究区的速度结构,然后在该速度结构的基础上对地震重新定位.结果表明:① 大姚6.2级地震序列明显分为地震较密集的东南段和地震较稀疏的北西段,而且这两段存在一定的错动,速度结构也显示出高、低速交界带在错动处具有转折特点;② 大姚6.2级地震序列在深度上呈"V"字形分布,这与该地区呈倒三角形分布的低速体相对应,即余震主要分布在高、低速交界带附近;③ 大姚6.2级、6.1级地震的破裂区都位于倒三角形低速体的东南侧,6.2级地震沿高、低速交界带往下破裂,而6.1级地震沿高、低速交界带往上破裂;④ 6 km深度的速度分布显示震源区具有高、低速度体交替呈四象限分布特征,而且余震主要沿北西向的高低速交界带分布;⑤ 大姚6.2级主震的东南侧的高、低速交界带处的低速体速度值较北西侧低速值高,其对6.2级地震往东南方向破裂具有阻碍作用,即东南侧处于能量积累状态,有利于6.1级地震的发生.  相似文献   

汶川大地震“震前扰动”存在“第三类脉动”吗？   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

郝晓光  胡小刚 《地球物理学进展》2009,24(4):1213-1215

采用国家地震台网数十台地震仪的观测资料研究了汶川大地震和昆仑山大地震的“震前扰动”现象,结果表明,“震前扰动”现象与强台风的影响密切相关,适用于英国海洋学家Higgins的海浪非线性干涉理论中的“第二类脉动”.然而,通过对信号时频特征的细致分析后发现：“震前扰动”信号存在着明显的“时频偏移”现象,不完全符合“第二类脉动”的特征.因此本文认为,汶川大地震的“震前扰动”除了包含“第二类脉动”信号外,还可能存在着“第三类脉动”,这对强震短临前兆的研究有重要意义.  相似文献   

长偶极大功率可控源激励下目标体电性参数的频率响应   总被引：13，自引：6，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

底青云  王光杰  王妙月  王若 《地球物理学报》2009,52(1):275-280

利用三维（3D）全空间积分方程准线性解作为数值模拟手段,对包含电离层、大气层和地球介质层的“地-电离层”典型异常目标体多层介质模型进行了数值模拟,得到了偶极源长度100 km、电流200 A、收发距离远达1600 km的合理的异常电性目标体的电阻率-频率响应结果.通过对不同埋深异常目标体的电阻率-频率特征的讨论,认为当考虑电离层和大气层的“地-电离层”大尺度深层横向不均匀复杂介质模拟时,电磁场对深部目标体仍有很好的异常响应,但当异常体电阻率及同一电阻率的岩石埋深不同时,其电阻率-频率的响应特征有很大不同,这正反映了不同岩石物性参数的电阻率-频率响应特征.文中结果表明从长偶极大功率源（WEM）激励的电磁场观测资料区分岩石的电阻率参数是可能的,这为利用WEM观测资料建立电性参数和岩石/地层参数经验关系奠定了基础.  相似文献   

Large-scale cold water dispersant effectiveness experiments with Alaskan crude oils and Corexit 9500 and 9527 dispersants     

Randy C. Belore  Ken Trudel  Alan Guarino 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(1):118-1031

There continues to be reluctance in some jurisdictions to use chemical dispersants as a viable countermeasure for accidental oil spills. One argument used by some opponents to dispersant use is that “chemical dispersants do not work effectively in cold water”. To address this issue, the U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS) funded and conducted two series of large-scale dispersant experiments in very cold water at Ohmsett - The National Oil Spill Response Test Facility, located in Leonardo, New Jersey in February-March 2006 and January-March 2007. Alaska North Slope, Endicott, Northstar and Pt. McIntyre crude oils and Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 dispersants were used in the two test series. The crude oils were tested both when fresh and after weathering. Results demonstrated that both Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 dispersants were 85-99% effective in dispersing the fresh and weathered crude oils tested at cold temperatures. The MMS expects that results from these test series will assist government regulators and responders in making science based decisions on the use of dispersants as a response tool for oil spills in the Arctic.  相似文献   

强震前的“加速矩释放”（AMR）现象：对一个有争议的地震前兆的回溯性震例研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

蒋长胜  吴忠良 《地球物理学报》2009,52(3):691-702

近年来,国际上对于强震前的加速矩释放（AMR）现象是否可作为一种可靠的、带有普遍性的地震前兆现象争议较大.本文以2008年3月21日新疆于田M_S7.3地震为例,试图从前兆存在的客观性和与地震发生的物理相关性两方面考察本次地震前的AMR现象.用“破裂时间分析”方程中的幂指数m作为描述震前加速矩释放“程度”的参量,在时间-空间-地震序列截止震级组成的三维参数空间（T,R,M_c）内考察AMR现象存在的客观性.考虑了多种因素对m（T, R, M_c）分布图像可能的影响,其中,余震是否删除和M_c对计算影响不大,但M_L6.0以上“干扰”事件的影响则较大.结果表明,于田地震前的确存在AMR现象,但得到的m（T, R, M_c）分布图像较为复杂,可观测到两个明显的AMR集中分布区.此外,在以实际震中为圆心的多个圆形区域内,使用固定时间窗向实际发震时刻滑动逼近,可观测到m值逐渐减小,即加速特征逐渐明显的过程.对震前矩释放程度m值的时-空扫描结果显示,出现AMR现象的空间区域与震中位置似有较好的对应,但其时-空演化图像与滑动时-空窗的选取有关.这表明,本次M_S7.3地震前的确存在AMR现象,并与其孕震过程在物理上相关.但本文仅是一个震例的研究,无法给出具有统计显著性的结论,此外,用AMR来约束地震发生的时间看来是困难的.  相似文献   

Long-term plankton studies at the lower Rhine/Germany     

Günther Friedrich  Marlies Pohlmann 《Limnologica》2009,39(1):14-39

The river Rhine has lain under considerable anthropogenic stress of its water quality for 100 years. As early as 1905 the first results of studies of the plankton in the Rhine were published. Due to the long residence time of the water a real potamoplankton can develop and at the end of the Lower Rhine it reaches its highest density. The paper consists of two parts. At first an overview is given about the history of plankton studies in the Rhine. The second part is the presentation of results from a monitoring at the Lower Rhine from 1979 to 2004.First systematic studies started at the beginning of the 20th century at the beginning of pollution. Our studies started during a phase of recreation from extreme pollution and eutrophication. Samples were taken at four stations: Bad Honnef, km 640, entrance to North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf, km 732, Duisburg, km 792 downstream large industrial effluents and big cities, Kleve-Bimmen, km 865 at the border to the Netherlands.In the 1970s nutrients were high, especially phosphate 0.65 mg PO₄-P L⁻¹ in 1979. After 1980 phosphate dropped to 0.11 mg PO₄-P L⁻¹ in 2004 (mean values of the growing season). Ammonia was reduced from about 0.52 (1979) to 0.02 (2004) mg NH₄-N L⁻¹. Nitrate remained between 3.72 (1989) and 2.26 (2004) mg NO₃-N L⁻¹ at a relatively high level. Oxygen concentrations were very low during the 1960s and 1970s, sometimes only 4 mg L⁻¹ O₂. During our studies the oxygen increased up to 9 mg L⁻¹ O₂ with a tendency to 11 mg L⁻¹ O₂ in the last years. Chlorophyll a was estimated to be between 59 (1979) and 31μg L⁻¹ (1986) with short peaks up to 170 μg L⁻¹ (1989). Since 1992 the mean values have varied between 30 (1993) and 21 μg L⁻¹ (2004).The floristic phytoplankton composition is characterised by the dominance of the centric diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Other diatoms like Skeletonema subsalsum, Skeletonema potamos and Asterionella formosa were regularly present in smaller quantities. The second dominant group was coccale green algae. During the 1980s they formed up to 35% of the biomass. Since the 1990s their contribution to the phytoplankton became much smaller. This change corresponds with the increase of wastewater treatment and the diminution of nutrients. All the other groups of algae were present in minor quantities. During the time of higher trophy in the 1970s and 1980s the phytoplankton formed two peaks, in recent years only one peak has developed, depending on different flow conditions during the growing season and lower trophic state in the upstream parts of the river.Excellent correspondence exists between cell number, biovolume and chlorophyll a content and the results of delayed fluorescence (DF) measurement. The trophic status in the Lower Rhine may be estimated as (moderate) eutrophic. The ecological status of the phytoplankton is good based on the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD).The zooplankton consists mainly of rotatoria and larvs of Dreissena polymorpha. Grazing on phytoplankton seems to be mainly due to the large quantities of benthic Dreissena and the newly introduced mussel Corbicula.  相似文献